Female Representation in Parliament: Research into the Conservative Party

Female Representation in Parliament: Research into the Conservative Party Female representation in parliament and the Conservative Party and how they engage with women’s issues. Through a recent gendered analysis of the Conservative Party, it has come to fruition that women are still being underrepresented in politics and women’s issues are not being heard. Such research has demonstrated that this may be due to the selection process being biased and political office remaining a masculine field. Women are still representing ‘fewer than one in five MP’s in the UK’ (Russell et al, 2000 :17) and make up just 21.8% of the world’s parliamentarians (Forke & Rickne, 2016). The female absence from politics has suggested that society might be getting its leaders from an excessively narrow area of human talent and that female preferences are underrepresented in political judgments’ (Murray, 2014). Due to this lack of female representation, a number issues such as childcare, women’s pensions and care of the elderly are not being properly addressed. At present, there is a distinct limit in the amount of of research conducted into gender in the conservative party and the House of Commons but a fair portion of the preexisting literature surrounding it all points to gendered inequalities based on old forms of gender norms in parliament. In the following research report I will explain why females are so under represented in parliament and the gender inequality that comes with it as well as explaining what effects the male built establishment in the party has on governmental policies such as childcare. Methodology This analysis uses secondary data that has been collected from the UK data service. The data was originally used by Paul Webb and Sarah Childs (See Webb & Childs, 2009) for ‘an extensive gendered analysis of the contemporary UK Conservative Party’ (Webb & Childs, 2009). The data was collected over the duration of three years in order to assess how far the Conservative Party was assimilating women and their concerns and if women’s issues were being taken seriously (Webb & Childs, 2009). The full dataset consists of 27 face –to- face semi-structured interviews with Conservative Peers and 19 Conservative MP’s. Focus groups were also conducted with 7 groups of floating and unbiased individuals and then six groups of party members. Through the analysis of secondary data I will be assessing the accounts given by several members and nonmembers of the parliamentary group through the dissection of qualitative interviews of two male and female Conservative peers and two male and female Conservative MP’s. Qualitative interviews are particularly useful as a form of research because they ‘access individual’s attitudes and values- things that cannot necessarily be observed in a formal questionnaire’ (Silverman, 2004, 182). In using 4 female and 4 male interview transcripts I was able to access the difference of opinion of why they believe females are being under represented in the Conservative party and the House of Commons and how they think women’s issues could be better dealt with. I also analysed four focus groups, two of which are Conservative Party sympathisers and two of which are groups of party members. Focus groups are particularly useful as a form of secondary research because ‘in focus groups participants are able to bring to the fore issues in relation to a topic that they deem to be important and significant [†¦] because the moderator has to relinquish a certain amount of control to the participants, the issues that concern them can surface’ (Bryman, 2012, 338). I have used focus group data because the data that occurs from the participants interacting with one another can be useful in determining the specific issues related to the topic in question (Bryman, 2012). However, there are certain limitations to this type of research, focus groups produce an extensive amount of data, which can sometimes be difficult to analyse on top of being excessively time consuming. Therefore, developing a strategy to analyse the data which incorporated both what people say and their pattern of interaction can prove to be quite problematic (Bryman, 2012).   Another limitation of focus groups is that sometimes the poor quality of recordings causes them to become inaudible, which affects the transcription and therefore subsequently the data produced, rendering it unreliable (Bryman, 2012). There are also certain limitations to qualitative interviews as interviews do not tell us ‘directly about peoples experiences’ and ‘few researchers believe that in the course of the interview, you are able to get into someone’s head’ (Silverman, 2015, 83). The following report uses thematic analysis from the study of qualitative interviews and focus groups and explores the under representation of women in the Conservative Party and political office, with reference to gender equality in the conservative party and also seeks to explain why women’s exclusion from politics may be due to particular women’s issues such as childcare and care of the elderly which has not been properly addressed by the government. Findings Under representation of women in the Conservative Party Through my analysis of the research data, it came to attention that it has generally been thought that women are severely underrepresented in parliament and in the Conservative party (Russel et al, 2000). Many of the interviewee’s agreed upon the fact that the selection process is still deemed ‘prejudiced and sexist’ and is still run by middle- aged men which makes it harder for females to maneuver. (Russell et al, 2000). For example, women now only represent 9% of the parliamentary party and out of 48 candidates that applied to the Conservative Party, it was found that only seven women out of those candidates were interviewed by the selection panel. This is due, as one male Conservative MP claimed, to the selection panels having certain bigoted views towards females: â€Å"The selection panels are based of white older men who consist of pig headed old guys who turn up wearing Second World War underpants with the attitude that goes with it’. (Male Conservative MP) This can be backed up by Theresa May, a female member of the Conservative party, who in a party conference said ‘looking at its elected representatives you will see a predominantly white male party. Given that we now see an ethnically diverse society, where women play a major role, the conservative party doesn’t look like the people its claiming to represent’. (Theresa May, Party Conference, 2002). This can be further shown when the male MP expressed his amazement at the lack of females in parliament and claimed that even in countries like Rwanda and Pakistan, which are notoriously patriarchal societies, they have more women representatives in their government than Britain does. It has been accepted that in order to get more votes, the Conservative Party needs to obtain more women into the party and therefore makes the selection process more accessible. However, one female conservative peer claims: â€Å"It’s still harder for women to get selected even in spite of the party saying ‘we’d like a woman’†.   (Female Conservative Peer) Females were often subjected to criticism for their personal lives, if they were example said to be divorced. One female MP claimed that women therefore had to ‘cuddle up’ to the selection committee; â€Å"Whose instinct is to prefer a pinstripe identikit candidate with who they wish to spend Friday evenings† (Female Conservative MP) In other literature, it has been suggested that some women have been made to feel uncomfortable and unwelcome in the House of Commons due to the masculine feel of it (Russel et al, 2000). This is further shown in the data studied as a male Conservative MP talks about the aggressive nature of politics and women who feel uncomfortable in the House of Commons are so because women are generally less confrontational than men. The House of Commons is thus seen as less feminized and an unattractive place for women to work in. One Male MP even admitted to the party being unable to change itself and if women weren’t happy with the way things were, then they would have to adapt and change themselves in order to fit in. Gender Equality in the Conservative Party and House of Commons Through the analysis of the focus groups, the theme of equality was an issue that was raised often. Interestingly, both the men and the females agreed upon the fact that: â€Å"I think for any women wanting to get ahead on her own abilities she’s got to be probably twice as qualified as a lot of men† (Focus Group, Male Conservative Member) The participants generally felt that in order for a woman to get ahead they would have to be very self- assured and confident if they wanted to ascertain positions they wanted. In most of the female focus groups it was widely discussed that women were bullied in the House of Commons and that they had to put up with a lot of ‘sexist rubbish’, claiming that the men were always likely to back each other up, but constantly looking for a way to put down the women. The theme of equality is an issue that has been raised in previous literature, as Dillard (2005) claimed that ‘women experience some disadvantage based on their sex or gender roles’ (page number) and Krook & Childs (2010) also claimed that due to inequality, women therefore ‘rarely assume leadership roles and now make up a minority of all top party officials’ (Krook & Childs, 2010, 6). It was also discussed on one floating voter focus group how politicians are out of touch with things like gender equality with one male in the group claiming that he is disappointed by the progress that women have made in terms of equality, and said: â€Å"Politicians often point to a rare example of two successful female politicians to prove that its possible, but in reality it isn’t as easy as that† (Male, Floating Voter Focus Group). When asked what the Conservative Party and the house of Commons should do to get more support of female voters and get more women into parliament, one woman from the floating voter focus group claimed that even if the party did attempt to appeal more to women, it wouldn’t matter because the female voters would know that it was insincere; Interviewer : â€Å" Do you think theres anything the conservative party should be doing to appeal more to women?† Female Respondent: â€Å"If they do we know it’s a lip service. That’s the problem. They think its like we need to speak to women to do whatever it takes, but they shouldn’t even be asking this it should be innate† (Female, Floating Voter Focus Group). Many of the females from the focus groups seemed to think that the ‘glass ceiling’ effect was still in play, with one woman from the floating voter focus group claiming; â€Å"People are saying theres no more sexism but if you actually examine the percentage of people in the highly paid, powerful jobs, the glass ceiling is there and in fact its getting worse†( Female, Floating Voter Focus Group). This is further shown in the literature, in the written report by Webb and Childs after they concluded their research analysis where they found that while ‘42% of women strongly agree that government should make sure that women have an equal chance to succeed, onlu 25% of men do† (Webb & Childs, 2011, 17). Showing that gender inequality is still prevalent in some political parties. How the Conservative Party and the House of Commons engages with womens issues of childcare and the care of the elderly. Through analysing the data, an important theme present was how the Conservative Party engages with women’s issues such as childcare. It was widely discussed how politics is an inhospitable environment for woman who have children and other responsibilities. â€Å"The way politics works often puts off quite a lot of women. Its not very friendly to somebody who has obligations to the family† (Male Conservative MP). This can be seen in reports from other literature of meetings taking place in the House of Commons until very late at night, subsequently making it difficult for women to be there due to family commitments (Russel et al, 2000). Some of the female interviewees all claimed that the unwelcoming environment made it difficult for younger women to get into politics because they are heavily burdened with the responsibility of a full on job and looking after their children. It was discussed how woman are finding it increasingly difficult to juggle both their careers and their personal life, with some interviewees suggesting that the reason why female candidates weren’t selected into the party was due to women being perceived as unable to fully commit to their careers like their male counterparts, one female peer claimed; â€Å"the reason why you end up with middle class white males is because they have previously run a business but women have to think about children† (Female Conservative Peer). This is recognized in other literature as Hymowitz (2005) argues that there has been the general perception that if a woman has a child then she cant be devoted to her job as she could be. Bryson and Heppell (2010) claim that the party has been previously criticized for assuming that women can continue with their roles at home and at work which has put them under huge strain and they have been unable to perform to the best of their ability. They further claim that ‘instead of having it all as liberal feminism seemed to promise, women are instead doing it all† (Bryson & Heppell, 2010, 46). Some female interviewees also complained of being asked how they could cope in the party if they were to have children. Through gender norms it has been believed that the care of the child is up to the mother, but many of the female interviewees expressed their outrage at this policy as one member of the Conservative Party member focus group said: â€Å"women should be able to have the choice to go out to work or staying and rearing children† Female Conservative Party Member, Focus Group. In terms of how the government is concerned with the issue of childcare, many of the female interviewees claimed that the state isn’t putting enough funding into childcare so woman are unable to juggle both their careers and their personal life. One female of the floating voter focus group claimed; â€Å"The child care facilities in London are shocking, they are far too expensive and you need to earn 30,000 to breakeven with childcare†. (Female, Floating Voter Focus Group.) This has meant that many single mothers have had to go onto benefits, because even if they were to secure employment, they still wouldn’t be able to support themselves because of the expensive rate of childcare facilities. There was a strong agreement that childcare shouldn’t be down to the responsibility of the woman, with one woman from the floating voter focus group claiming: â€Å"it shouldn’t be seen as solely the womans responsibility because two people have a child so its both their responsibility and that’s when the whole equality thing sort of breaks down and womens issue become an issue†. (Female, Floating Voter Focus Group.) One floating voter focus group interviewee claimed that womens pensions have subsequently been affected by childcare which is an area that the government has not paid much attention to, claiming that: â€Å"Women are digging in and out of employment in a way much more often than men because your busy with family responsibilities† (Female, Floating Voter Focus Group) As well as the responsibility of the children being put onto women, it is also believed that the care of the elderly is invariably part of their domain too. One female MP claimed that; â€Å"An awful lot of women are tearing their hair out and trying to balance everything, doing two jobs, looking after their children, their home, their elderly relatives. If all those women were actually working to the full extent of their capabilities then the boost to the economy would be significant, statistically significant† (Female Conservative MP). Thus meaning that due to women being under represented in government, there are few voices out there to help put forward the issues that women are facing, such as balancing their careers with their responsibility to their children and other family relatives. Although it was agreed upon that there would be many benefits of having more females in parliament and in the Conservative party as one male MP claimed that woman would have a better understanding of child care policies which could be put in place. The action has not been put in place which leaves women in a very vulnerable position, especially as there is not enough women to defend them on these grounds. Conclusion Overall this research report has demonstrated clearly that both female representation within the Conservative Party and the party’s lack of progressive engagement with women’s issues are clear demonstrations of how unrepresentative British government’s make-up and enforcement currently is. The thematic analysis of Webb and Childs data has allowed an exploration into key political issues that have arguably not been given due academic and political research. It has been shown to be apparent that members of both genders within the Conservative Party acknowledge the inherent unrepresentative nature of the party and that there is little more than plain acceptance of the cultural norms in place to main its patriarchic contour. Given women have often come to feel uncomfortable within the Conservative party, this has transcended into female political participation generally and leaves many holding little desire to engage with politics due to the scarce attention and impact devoted to women’s issues. The above in combination leaves the Conservative party to continue to be perceived as archaic in its views and this in turn prevents women from seeing positive political change or even seeking to lead such change themselves.    Bibliography Transcripts used: M2 Conservative Peer M7 Conservative Peer M8 Conservative MP M9 Conservative MP W5 Conservative Peer W6 Conservative Peer W8 Conservative MP W9 Conservative MP Focus Group 1. Conservative Members Focus Group 2 Conservative Members Floating Voter Focus Group 1 Floating Voter Focus Group 2 Bryman, A. (2012)  Social research methods. 4th edn. New York: Oxford University Press Bryson V & Heppell   T. (2010) ‘Conservatism and Feminism; The Case of the British Conservative Party’. Journal of Political Ideologies. Campbell, S, Childs S & Lovenduski J. (2006)   ‘Womens Equality Guarantees and the Conservative Party’. The Political Quarterly. Childs S, Krook M. (2010). ‘Women, Gender and Politics. A reader’ Oxford University Press. Childs S, Webb P. (2012). ‘Sex, Gender and the Conservative Party. From Iron Lady to Kitten Heels’. Palgrave Macmillan. Chiu & Monroe (2010). Gender Equality in the Academy, the pipeline problem. Cambridge University Press.Volume 43, issue 2. Dillard, A. (2005) ‘Adventures in Conservative Feminism’ Society, March/April Forke & Rickne (2016). The Glass Ceiling in Politics; Formalisation and Empirical Tests. Comparative Political studies. Hymowitz,  C (  2005). Women Internalize Stereotypes of Themselves as Weaker Leaders.  The Wall Street Journal Online. Accessed online, 2nd   May  http://www.careerjournal.com May, T. (2002). Conservative Party Conference Speech. Accessed online, 4th May. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/oct/07/conservatives2002.conservatives1 Murray, R. (2014). Quotas for men: Reframing gender quotas as a means of improving representation for all. American Political Science Review, 108, 520-532 Russel, M. Lovenduski, J, Stephenson M. (2000). ‘Womens Political Participation in the UK’. The British Council, The Constitution Unit. Accessed online, 1st May . http://www.ucl.ac.uk/political-science/publications/unit-publications/89.pdf Silverman, D. (2015).   Interpreting Qualitative Data. Fifth Edition. Sage Publications.

How did The Second World War affect America? Essay

Having been drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, America was inevitably altered in many ways by the wartime circumstances and the affects of which are still noticeably present today. The war induced economical, social and political reforms in America. America is one of the world’s great superpowers and with such massive territorial and economical resources she became the main source for arms and equipment flowing into Europe. Existing factories were adapted to cater for the demand for war machines and with this sudden influx of business, provided by the Allied war effort, America found herself in a wartime economic boom. More jobs were available due to the new demand and wages increased leading to a generally higher standard of living. With the primary focus on arms and weapons there was a shortage of consumer goods during the war but following that saw a return of consumer goods and mass exportation to Europe opening up a new market for commerce. To fund the initial production of the arms in demand federal taxes were significantly raised mainly in the form of income tax. Government spending has led to increased taxation remaining a permanent, long-term feature of the US government since WWII. Socially the war benefited the majority of black-Americans and women in America who before then, were normally classed below white males living in America. For example, restrictions were placed on blacks and women in America that made it hard to get a job or receive equal pay. Women were seen as housekeepers and were not considered as workers unless in extremely poor circumstances and un-married (even then women were not paid equally in comparison to men), for it was the men that supported their wives and household, alone. However with men being conscripted into the army during the war many positions in the labour work force were being deserted and if this continued there would not be enough workers and soldiers in order to maintain a consistent high rate of production and supply troops to fight a war. As a result women were brought in to replace those sent off to fight and gained adequately paid positions in factories and other jobs that were otherwise only available to men, therefore when the war ended the soldiers returned and found jobs were no longer as readily available as was previously, because women provided more competition and sexual discrimination started to diminish but it was by no means completely wiped out. By 1945 36% of the workforce was female and two thirds of these women stayed in employment after the war demonstrating a permanent social shift created by the war effort. Discrimination against African-Americans also began to subside slightly as President Roosevelt implemented the F.E.P.C. (Fair Employment Practices Committee), to end racial indiscrimination in the war industries, following the actions of A. Phillip Randolph in 1941. This was sparked off by the increased segregation of blacks and whites in the US armed forces despite the supposedly unified war effort and the fact that other countries did not implore segregated units. The black population were angry that their colour would instantly condemn them to low indignant lives. However during the war reforms were welcomed to certain extents and by 1945 blacks employed by the government rose from 60,000 to 200,000. Then without the intervention of the FEPC all three war services allowed black officers still however segregated but nevertheless improving standards between blacks and whites. It seems that the war did not have an active role in reforming the situation in America between blacks and w hites but it provided a form of passive provocation. With the increased need for workers and factories many cities became popular sites for those seeking employment such as the African-Americans and poor southern farmers. The Industrialisation of America because of the war effort requiring greater arms production and manufacturing of goods led to urbanisation in the late 1940s and 1950s and suburbs were inevitably formed; there became areas of great prosperity and others of poverty due to neglect by those who left for the industry. Politically the war had a significant impact on policies and the routes taken by the wartime presidents Roosevelt and, following on, Truman. Firstly FD Roosevelt was a Democrat and introduced an expensive New Deal policy, which was designed and hoped to bring America out of the depression however it came up against great opposition by many Republicans. To counter this threat he ran for the 1944 election with a more conservative Democrat running mate, Harry S. Truman in turn creating a more seemingly moderate approach, which later secured victory for Roosevelt in the election. Then after Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s death in April 1945, Truman became president and hoped to continue Roosevelt’s domestic policies. Both Roosevelt and Truman were fierce anti-communists and in 1947 during Truman’s term it was decided that in US interests the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine should be incorporated to keep the European market open for America’s capitalisation and therefore keep chances of communist take-overs minimal. Both policies were part of the idea of Containment and fed money into Europe in order to ensure its revival, which would then lead to American prosperity for consumer goods would be in demand and exports would be available but also to prevent communist expansion. Truman also tried to enforce the ‘Fair Deal’, which was similar to Rooselvelt’s new deal but less money was involved. This aimed to improve social security, provide full employment, increase the minimum wage, build more homes and secure employment equality for all races. This ambitious policy never really achieved its aims for the mostly Republican Congress largely opposed the Fair Deal due to its high expenditure and need for increased taxation. This led to Government control being reduced considerably as was introduced during the Depression and wartime. Socially America has changed considerably and sexual and racial discrimination has been tackled. Women in particular have been granted or have fought for the right to work with the fortunate circumstances of the war creating a definite social change. Also economically America has benefited for many of what were the Allied countries are still within a trading circle with the USA as its centre and looking at the more short-term benefits, America prospered with all the required arms production resting upon her factories. Politically taxes have remained high and Government power has been reduced but without the policy of Containment Eastern Europe may not have recovered with such effectiveness and America may have descended into another depression due to poor over-seas commerce.

Provide information and advice to young people Essay

1.1 – explain the importance of providing accurate and up to date information and advice to children and young people 0/3 The importance of up to date and accurate information and advice to the young people we care for is crucial, more so for the young people we are catering for as their behavioural needs are of a demanding nature and they need clarity when asking questions, to be able to give clean consice answers and asking the young person to repeat what was said to clarify helps de-escalate situations, puts young peoples minds at ease and also promotes trust in that adult. If we provide information that has been superceeded then we are undermining ourselves, eg: â€Å"child A you cant go to the city on your own as you haven’t completed any form of independent trip and it wouldn’t be safe† and then finding out that it had been agreed that going into the city would be the first step for their planned independence but you haven’t been told due to lack of communication. This then has a huge impact on that relationship with that child. They don’t feel that you care because you didn’t know about the plan, they think that your untrust worthy and change your mind. All of this can be avoided with being able to effectively communicate and provide to the young people up to date advice and information. The same priniciple applies when dealing with things like medical issues, some adults in the home may have some medical training but if they speak out of turn and try and diagnose or offer advice which is no longer relevant they they too could damage their relationship although having said that I have been quite negative the positives to providing up to date information and advice are the polar opposites, they help build firm relationships based on trust and acknowledgement of need and desire to help, belief in what you are saying and trying to do. The positives of providing up to date advice and information cannot be over looked in dealing with young people with behavioural difficulties and attachment disorde rs. 1.2 – explain the role of practitioners in providing impartial information and advice to children and young people 0/3 As a practioner in a young peoples care home I have a role of providing impartial adice to the young people, I can do this by offering support to them in making informed choices about areas that they are worried about or need more advice, I also have to look at whether they would be safe from explotation and explore this area with them, supporting them in preparation for employment; helping them create CV’s, running mock interviews for jobs, helping them wear appropriate dress and have good person hygiene. I as a practioner also need to make sure that I can send a young person the right direction or have them read the meterphoical sign posts that I give so that they can seeks upport for personal issues and relationship advice, through the use of our in house systemic therapists, the LAC nurse visits, legal aid and advocacy. As a carer in this role I need to support the young person in their own personal saftey. 2 – Establish and address the information and advice needs of children and young†¦ 2.1 – encourage the participation of and engagement with children and young people to establish their information and advice needs 0/3 I currently am supporting a young girl in the care home to take an active role in establishing her information and need for advice, I am able to do this by providing her with details of professionals; Doctors, opticians, dentists and general health care professionals. I encourage her in making her appointments, keep an accurate record and use that information to inform others and make arrangements, this is most recently been on show as I wanted her to have her immunistations completely up to date. This involved a long conversation with her about what she has had and what she is missing, this then lead to a trip to the doctors to get a print out of what she needed and where she could organise getting them, we then sat together and made phone calls and arranged dates for her to have the update jabs, this was then passed onto the duty care manager in the house who would write it in the house diary. This support and encouragement for getting things right shows that you have confidence in that young person and believe that they know what they are doing and you trust that. The encouragement for seeking advice comes to me within my working practice on a more personal level for the young people, I actively encourage and advise them to partake in restorative  meetings when nessecary and to seek out the support and advice from our in house therapists. Currently the young person that I work closely with has refused to speak about seeing a therapist, even just for a general conversation and when the in house therapist is in she avoids them as much as possible even exiting a room as they enter. On the opposite side though she has struggled with restorative meetings in the apst but now can understand the need for the process and actively welcomes it. We can also see that because of the investment in restorative practice that her behaviour has improved allowing her to fully involve herself in her educational studies, taking ownership of completing her BTEC food course and gaining certificates, seeking out for herself suitable work experience, taking active steps to create a better enviroment by working in the house garden and creating her own health and fitness rountines; going for walks in the morning. 2.2 – select information from appropriate sources that will best meet the needs of the young person 0/3 As carers in the house we have a responsibility to provide appropriate souces that will best meet the needs of our young people, we can do this by placing in the house college prospectus’ as this inspires a future and that we have placed certain colleges information around that we know that the young people can achieve this, we also can place information on their in house computers, CV builders, career planning software, connexions type websites on their bookmarks on the internet. We also need to be inclusive in what we provide so that we have information that can be accessed by young people with physical or sensory needs, or different languages, these are tailored to those children specficially and left in places that those children tend to spend lots of time, this could be having a prostectus in brail for a young person who has a visual impairment. We as an organisation need to also have a selection of information avaliable for the young people that will meet their needs, we have a contacts folder sitting in the house that has numbers for our local police community support officers, dentists, opticians, local places for Saturday job poteintial etc. This set of information is taken to meetings with the care team and the managers meetings during the week and is updated to meet the specific needs of our  young people 2.3 – verify the accuracy and currency of information before presenting it to the young person 0/3 We as carers need to make sure that the information that we provide is accurate and current, there is no point putting an information booklet about whats up and coming in our area when its two years out of date, as responsible adults all information that is avaliable to the young people needs to be accurate and current, this stops disappointment and the possibility of negatvie behaviours being presented due to not being able to do what they want. We can also see the need for accurate information when we are offering phone numbers for things like doctors, the need to provide the young people with accurate and current information about their savings in the bank, their trust fund at the house, their day to day activity money, clothing budgets and toiletries budget. We actively encourage the young people to take ownerhsip of these and encourage a regular meeting to discuss these so that the young person is kept as up to date as possible. This as they leave the care home comes more appare nt as we woud look at what current benefits if any the young person would be entitled to and how they would claim those, providing accurate records of transactions, pay slips etc. 2.4 – explain approaches to managing situations when the child and young person’s choices are different to those of their carers 0/3 When approaching situations when the young persons choices are different to those of us as carers we need to be able to demonstrate good listening skills and encourage the young people in our care to give an explanation for their choices, supporting these if the explanation holds but also offering realistic and proprotianal alternatives when their explanation doesn’t make sense etc. We as responsible adults who value the input from the young people have to mediate between the two ideals from young person to carer and use this to come up with a defined plan. This will also lead to us as carers having to diffuse heated situations either between us and the young person or between the young person and a peer, these situations then provide a good basis for restorative meetings, which shows the young people their growth in negotiation and diplomacy. We as carers through the use of positive intrigue  can almost sign post our young people to areas for relevant support and informatio n to gain what they need for what they are aiming for.

The Autobiography Of Harkhuf By Miriam Lichtheim - 965 Words

â€Å"The Autobiography of Harkhuf† Reveals Egyptian Civilization The â€Å"Autobiography of Harkhuf† is a primary source from the collection of readings, Ancient Egyptian Literature A Book of Readings, by Miriam Lichtheim. Essentially it is the obituary of an Old Kingdom official, Harkhuf, who lived during Egypt’s Sixth Dynasty (Lichtheim). The obituary was found carved onto the facade of a tomb in Aswan, with fifty-eight lines inscribed to describe the Harkhuf’s milestones. Harkhuf was an Elephantine native who was appointed governor of the Southern area of Upper Egypt. Appointed by King Merenre, he was in charge of overseeing caravans and trade relations, particularly between Egypt and Nubia. The passage vividly describes four expeditions that Harkhuf had made. The first was from Memphis to the Second Nile Cataract region. This lengthy journey took approximately seven months to complete. The following journey went smoothly, but the third journey consist ed of obstacles. This was because, during this journey his route was restricted due to a war between the nation and a Libyan tribe. Harkhuf’s duty was to keep the trade route open and operating. Thus he utilized his knowledge and expertise to negotiate with the warring chief to let him complete his mission. Ultimately, Harkhuf succeeded and was able to return to Egypt, escorted by armed men for protection, with 300 donkeys, incense, ebony, ivory, animal skins, etc.. Harkhuf’s later endeavors pleased succeeding kings, such as Pepi